Time of the Test : 15 minutes
A The beginning of the story of pencils started with a lightning. Graphite, the main material for
producing pencil, was discovered in 1564 in Boirowdale in England when a lightning struck a
local tree during a thunder. Local people found out that the black substance spotted at the root
of the unlucky tree was different from burning ash of wood. It was soft, thus left marks
everywhere. Chemistry was barely out of its infancy at the time, so people mistook it for lead,
equally black but much heavier. It was soon put to use by locals in marking their sheep for signs
of ownership and calculation.
B Britain turns out to be the major country where mines of graphite can be detected and
developed. Even so, the first pencil was invented elsewhere. As graphite is soft, it requires some
form of encasement. In Italy, graphite sticks were initially wrapped in string or sheepskin for
stability, becoming perhaps the very first pencil in the world. Then around 1560, an Italian
couple made what are likely the first blueprints for the modem, wood-encased carpentry pencil.
Their version was a flat, oval, more compact type of pencil. Their concept involved the hollowing
out of a stick of juniper wood. Shortly thereafter in 1662 a superior technique was discovered
by German people: two wooden halves were carved, a graphite stick inserted, and the halves
then glued together – essentially the same method in use to this day. The news of usefulness of
these early pencils spread far and wide, attracting the attention of artists all over the known
world.
C Although graphite core in pencils is still referred to as lead, modem pencils do not contain
lead as the “lead “of the’ pencil is actually a mix of finely ground graphite and clay powders. This
mixture is important because the amount of clay content added to the graphite depends on
intended pencil hardness, and the amount of time spent on grinding the mixture determines the
quality of the lead. The more clay you put in, the higher hardness the core has. Many pencils
across the world, and almost all in Europe, are graded on the European system. This system of
across the world, and almost all in Europe, are graded on the European system. This system of
naming used B for black and H for hard; a pencil’s grade was described by a sequence or
successive Hs or Bs such as BB and BBB for successively softer leads, and HH and HHH for
successively harder ones. Then the standard writing pencil is graded HB.
D In England, pencils continued to be made from whole sawn graphite. But with the mass
production of pencils, they are getting drastically more popular in many countries with each
passing decade. As demands rise, appetite for graphite soars. According to the United States
Geological Survey (USGS), world production of natural graphite in 2012 was 1,100,000 tonnes,
of which the following major exporters are: China, India, Brazil, North Korea and Canada.
When the value of graphite was realised, the mines were taken over by the government and
guarded. One of its chief uses during the reign of Elizabeth I in the second half of the 16th
century was as moulds for the manufacture of camion balls. Graphite was transported from
Keswick to London in armed stagecoaches. In 1751 an Act of Parliament was passed making it an offence to steal or receive “wad”. This crime was punishable by hard labour or transportation.
E That the United States did not use pencils in the outer space till they spent $1000 to make a
pencil to use in zero gravity conditions is in fact a fiction. It is widely known that astronauts in
Russia used grease pencils, which don’t have breakage problems. But it is also a fact that their
counterparts in the United States used pencils in the outer space before real zero gravity pencil
was invented .They preferred mechanical pencils, which produced fine lines, much clearer than
the smudgy lines left by the grease pencils that Russians favoured. But the lead tips of these
mechanical pencils broke often. That bit of graphite floating around the space capsule could get into someone’s eye, or even find its way into machinery or electronics short or other problems.
But despite the fact that the Americans did invent zero gravity pencil later, they stuck to
mechanical pencils for many years.
F Against the backcloth of a digitalized world, the prospect of pencils seems bleak. In reality, it
does not. The application of pencils has by now become so widespread that they can be seen
everywhere, such as classrooms, meeting rooms and art rooms, etc. A spectrum of users WILL BE
likely to continue to use it into the future: students to do math works, artists to draw on sketch
pads, waiters or waitresses to mark on order boards, make-up professionals to apply to faces,
and architects to produce blue prints. The possibilities seem limitless.
Questions 14-19
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer,
Write your answers in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet
Graphite was found under a 14 __________ in Borrowdale
Ancient people used graphite to sign possession and number of 15 __________ .
Ancient people used graphite to sign possession and number of 15 __________ .
The first pencil was graphite wrapped in 16 __________ or animal skin.
In the eighteenth century, the 17__________ value of graphite was realized.
During the reign of Elizabeth I people was condemnable if they 18 __________ or receive
the “wad”.
Russian astronauts preferred 19 __________ pencils to write in the outer space.
Questions 20-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Rending Passage 2? In
boxes20-26 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
20. Italy is probably the first country of the whole world to make pencils.
21. Germany used various kinds of wood to make pencils.
22. Graphite makes a pencil harder and sharper.
23. Pencils are not produced any more since the reign of Elizabeth
24. Pencil was used during the first American space
expedition.
25. American astronauts did not replace mechanical pencils immediately after the zero gravity
pencils were invented.
26. Pencils are unlikely to be used in the future.
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